Defending Elections: Federal Funding Needs for State Election Security

State and local election officials are on the front lines of a cyberwar with sophisticated nation-state rivals and other malevolent actors. As Robert Brehm, co–executive director of the New York State Board of Elections, recently put it, “It is not reasonable” to expect each of these state and local election offices to independently “defend against hostile nation-state actors.” footnote1_TSHcYaBNopS5a0GxcFOLROFM7SkYfbHY5X39Qy0oI_ctgxLcakefXk1Robert A. Brehm, co–executive director, New York State Board of Elections, interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 6, 2019. State and local election systems have already been breached. In 2016 Russian hackers penetrated computer networks in two counties in the swing state of Florida, using information they had gleaned from a software vendor. footnote2_mLNbnX9He64iobmw46ZKfVaCK2rsmWjsd3-h4oJnQ7A_hJmWIvtLaZ0g2Pam Fessler, “Mueller Report Raises New Questions About Russia’s Hacking Targets in 2016,” NPR, April 19, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/04/19/714890832/mueller-report-raises-new-questions-about-russias-hacking-targets-in-2016 ; Lee Ferran, “Voter Databases in 2 Florida Counties Hacked in 2016, Governor Says,” ABC News, May 15, 2019, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/voter-databases-florida-counties-hacked-2016-governor/story?id=63052842 . That same software vendor may have opened a gap for hackers to alter the voter rolls in North Carolina, another swing state, on the eve of the election. footnote3_PvpxFzdfRM7UX-0ZzH59h1HVBLdgn5og5LzD5UepT2I_ph9d8tgJYgNh3Kim Zetter, “Software Vendor May Have Opened a Gap for Hackers in 2016 Swing State,” Politico, June 5, 2019, https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/05/vr-systems-russian-hackers-2016–1505582 . Episodes like these undermine faith in our democratic system, and steps must be taken to prevent them from occurring again.

Critically, in 2018 Congress provided $380 million in Help America Vote Act (HAVA) grant funds to help states bolster their election security. Grant recipient states had to submit a grant narrative—a list of specific election security projects (and estimated costs) that the state planned to fund with grant money—and provide a 5 percent state match within two years. Based on information that the states submitted to the Elections Assistance Commission (EAC) as part of the grant process, recipients are using the vast majority of this money to strengthen election cybersecurity, purchase new voting equipment, and improve postelection audits — all pressing needs around which there is broad bipartisan consensus. footnote4_10q9MkQCb1dhI44mGNd0l28FmBjAhXi-P2qK4dnl2Ms_nD7c3Ta4AA254U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Grant Expenditure Report , Fiscal Year 2018, April 4, 2019, https://www.eac.gov/assets/1/6/FY2018HAVAGrantsExpenditureReport.pdf . The EAC has estimated that 85 percent of the money Congress has provided will be spent ahead of the 2020 election. footnote5_5bNl1qZFkabm0m1B901J9HJazgX2GDnAoLXXnFNlrD4_hDc7PaLoU0ZV5 Oversight of the U.S. Election Assistance Commission Hearing, Before the Sen. Comm. on Rules and Administration , 116th Cong. (2019) (statement of Christy McCormick, Chair, U.S. Election Assistance Commission).

Unfortunately, given the myriad security challenges faced by these states, the $380 million is not enough to address the needs of state and local offices; many have substantial election security needs that likely will not be met absent additional federal support.

This paper examines six key states (Alabama, Arizona, Illinois, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania) that represent different regions of the country, varied population sizes, and the full range of election security needs. It investigates how they have allocated their share of the 2018 federal election security grants and documents their needs for additional election security funding. States’ use of HAVA funds is tailored to their specific requirements and reflects the nature of the state and local governments that oversee elections. Likewise, their unfunded election security needs vary according to state-specific circumstances. While the authors have limited their review to a sampling of six states, it is clear that the other 44 states and the District of Columbia have similar unfunded needs. footnote6_qwWGmkBVj-XNL7f2PwQm1OmZKcfBAAohmyfJqld6m74_tOYRhAmSoDxv6National Association of Secretaries of State, “NASS Interim Position on Potential Federal Election Funding,” https://www.nass.org/node/1556 (“The emergence of cyber threats to election systems require[s] resources state and local governments may not sustain alone. Election security is equated with national security. Common nationwide threats justify federal assistance in funding individual state efforts to prevent and defend against cyber threats”); Election Security Hearing, Before the Comm. on House Administration , 116th Cong. (2019) (statement of Lawrence Norden, director of election reform, Brennan Center for Justice) (documenting, among other things, that 28 states do not yet conduct post election audits of all votes before election certification, 40 states use at least some voting equipment over 10 years old, 41 states rely on voter registration databases created at least a decade ago, and 11 states continue to use paperless electronic machines as the primary polling place equipment in at least some counties)

In the wake of unsuccessful cyberattacks against the state voter registration database in 2016, Alabama Secretary of State John Merrill stated, “While it is encouraging that our efforts to protect Alabamians’ data have proven to be successful, we must remain vigilant and prepared for the constantly evolving threats to our voting systems and the integrity of those processes. We will utilize every resource available to ensure we are protecting the data of all Alabamians.”footnote1_kR7tUUj4MKjJQZ0IMidV3UjapadN2YIf2FIMtOyjZ-s_sEZterec72yY1Callum Borchers, “What We Know About the 21 States Targeted by Russian Hackers,” Washington Post, September 23, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/09/23/what-we-know-about-the-21-states-targeted-by-russian-hackers/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.058ac930e61e .

As part of these ongoing efforts, Secretary Merrill has welcomed public and private election security partners, such as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), into Alabama, taking advantage of a wide range of free resources available to further improve Alabama’s election security risk posture.footnote2_Lxr8YMvgeoQXDXFvdtnAvTjuXHXclrdi48L5DvVS90_dJiHWSkXImUQ2John Merrill, Alabama Secretary of State, “Panel 1, Investing in Security — Best Practices” (remarks, U.S. Election Assistance Commission 2018 Election Readiness Summit, October 3, 2018), https://www.eac.gov/videos/opening-remarks-and-panel-1-investing-in-security-best-practices/ ; Election Security Hearing, Before the Comm. on House Administration , 116th Cong. (2019) (statement of John Merrill, Alabama Secretary of State). These partnerships are critical to many states that are, in Merrill’s words, “not rich when it comes to resources that are available for discretionary purposes or specifically [election security].” footnote3_0cBTuG5tbWJz07LL-LAAo6HueOZUR5Jd8GrdwejAVqA_mm9lXnImXl0E3John Merrill, “Panel 1, Investing in Security.”

While these partners can help identify vulnerabilities, best practices, and important support functions, they do not fund the personnel, training, and security measures necessary to secure vulnerabilities in Alabama’s election system. For these reasons, Secretary Merrill supports federal block grants for funding specific election security projects in the states and believes such grants “would be very helpful” to Alabamians. footnote4_ONLM3Ws7k1Cbq4jjLX2lVsTLjCBP7QjcCPIUgAm5Ts_zuRSctmTNeHl4Election Security Hearing (statement of John Merrill).

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds

Federal grant: $6,160,383

State match: $308,020

Total: $6,468,413

Alabama has designated the entirety of its federal election security grant and state matching funds toward the following four projects: footnote5_C7UeqP5WFvffCIsHwS9cLXAZRzEO-6c7RyXG-jXDE8_wyVTuRbl2FKZ5State of Alabama, “2018 Help America Vote Act (HAVA) Election Security Grant Program Narrative, State of Alabama, Secretary of State,” accessed June 5, 2019, https://www.eac.gov/havadocuments/AL_Narrative_Budget.pdf .

• Voter registration database upgrades and maintenance. With “more voters registered and more ballots being cast than ever before,” footnote6_4WkFnXBmVjxbuU47B3OL8QM7KGK13Oj3nD3e0v6Vzc_ztK2JMrhwNaD6Andrew J. Yawn, “E-lection Day? Why Online Voting Is Not an Option,” Montgomery Advertiser, November 12, 2018, https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/politics/2018/11/02/online-voting-unite-states-voter-turnout-alabama-estonia/1860186002/ . the state is devoting $3 million to improve the voter registration database and its security features through upgrades, such as two-factor authentication (2FA), to ensure that voter data is secure and reliable.
• Computer equipment replacement and upgrades. The state is providing new computers and related equipment to each of the five primary election officials in all 67 counties at an estimated cost of $300,000. Alabama officials expect to complete this project by September 30, 2019. footnote7_0cBTuG5tbWJz07LL-LAAo6HueOZUR5Jd8GrdwejAVqA_cAnZxZD68xpF7John Merrill, “Panel 1, Investing in Security.” One of the many cybersecurity challenges faced in Alabama and several other states is related to the security practices of the users of a shared system, such as a statewide voter registration database. By providing computer equipment directly to local officials, the state can ensure that users across the state are implementing basic cybersecurity measures, including antivirus software installation.
• Postelection audits. The state designated $800,000 for postelection audits. This process is an essential election security bookend to the critical election measure already in place, paper ballots. While many of the audit-related costs will be incurred at the local level, the state plans to assume or reimburse all costs associated with implementing robust postelection audits, as local election officials simply don’t have the funds to underwrite this project. footnote8_IZEzsnsTeDakq-tSMeyuimQQrGp9J4y72Z8fTOi-q8_nPO7ezOWeqHf8Clay Helms (election director, Alabama Secretary of State) and John Bennett (deputy chief of staff, Alabama Secretary of State), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 9, 2019. The state is currently working with election security experts to determine the best options for Alabama, and the first pilots are expected to be scheduled in calendar year 2019. footnote9_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_oYRIkvyFIfeI9Ibid.
• Addressing cyber vulnerabilities. The state designated $2.3 million for various cybersecurity enhancements, improvements, and fixes. Working with a variety of partners, the state plans to “investigate, implement, and identify new technologies” to help reduce or eliminate cyber vulnerabilities. As an example, the state previously fixed an official state elections website vulnerability that had been publicly identified by a private cybersecurity firm. footnote10_yjbXSgc5jnr7cXvCefnP7pdW1Bxy8fQSrygiAxb-F2I_k7Z8dUdTJGrA10Clare Malone, “State Websites Are Hackable—and That Could Compromise Election Security,” FiveThirtyEight, May 31, 2018, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/state-websites-are-hackable-and-that-could-compromise-election-security/ .

Additional Unfunded Security Needs

Alabama election officials identified two unfunded election security projects: legacy voting equipment replacement and development of a “cyber navigator program.” footnote11_nQQEXaItGhEnW8pivCQqOXluX74o7RB4OLjiw4tVVE_dCZQKHsnWfK411James Tatum (judge of probate, Bullock County, Alabama), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 2, 2019; Clay Helms and John Bennett, interview by Brennan Center., footnote12_ugT1Nq-bi2Z0PhdVIVomklAX96ShKh4FAGXgLxAf8Z8_o5IG7IPcSiFm12As used in this report, the terms “cyber navigator program” (CNP) and “cyber navigators” refer to the Cyber Navigator Program established pursuant to 10 ILCS 5/1A-55 and CNP personnel, not the Cyber Navigator service offered by Protinuum. 

Legacy voting equipment replacement. Alabama election officials in every county except Montgomery use legacy voting systems that are more than a decade old, including AutoMARK voting systems, used in 66 counties, and M100s (precinct count optical scanners), used in seven counties. footnote13_rW93jguiEeWg43kLChHurc8BMH4C06yxyl9JEAiPN4E_cCCVCfDY4ivh13Clay Helms and John Bennett, interview by Brennan Center.

These aging voting systems are a security risk and less reliable than voting equipment available today. Older systems are generally “more likely to fail and are increasingly difficult to maintain.” footnote14_T1ktwQ1vaMuCu4j3BkYbNWDUeSzL5QpGmvp5NGPhixM_xr0agj9w679z14Election Security Hearing (statement of Lawrence Norden). Specifically, as neither the AutoMARK nor the M100 is currently manufactured, finding replacement parts will be increasingly difficult over time. footnote15_qgUDFGxxUvvzQxKMwSGk-kul8Yqt9TVjX1rztD7VtU_iphjZQ6McLIT15Lawrence Norden and Andrea Cordova, Voting Machines at Risk: Where We Stand Today, Brennan Center for Justice, March 5, 2019, https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voting-machines-risk-where-we-stand-today . This problem exacerbates the system-specific security concerns that have been reported to the EAC or by Verified Voting, such as inconsistent vote tallying and reboot times of 15 to 20 minutes. footnote16_NH2U5Svhe7gIghcOockVuV6uOnRgQpSeGTHewpKCzU_v3Wi6g2HOBkw16Ruth Johnson, Oakland County clerk/register of deeds, to Rosemary Rodriguez, chairperson, Election Assistance Commission, October 2, 2008, https://www.eac.gov/assets/1/6/Oakland_County_Michigan_letter_regarding_ES_S_M-100_voting_machine_tabulators.pdf (stating that 8 percent of M-100 fleet in Oakland County “reported inconsistent vote totals during their logic and accuracy testing”); “Election Systems and Software (ES&S) AutoMARK,” Verified Voting (listing AutoMARK security concerns), accessed May 4, 2019, https://www.verifiedvoting.org/resources/voting-equipment/ess/automark/ ). Moreover, these systems simply lack important security features expected of voting machines today, such as hardware access deterrents for ports. footnote17_qNOzbSIe3MvCsByEMevPjeayMhLEBTANLNLzNClGO3I_hZOnPLrPGWbb17Election Security Hearing (statement of Lawrence Norden).

State and local election officials would consider using additional election security funding to replace these legacy systems. footnote18_ZeLcilJ0OWNMQUnhdnNjphh1vlJs95pn7EJWxvfxD0c_yMzhDiN9T50S18James Tatum, interview by Brennan Center; Clay Helms and John Bennett, interview by Brennan Center. Bullock County Court of Probate Judge James Tatum, the local chief election official, explained, “Our [AutoMARKs] are old and becoming very difficult to maintain . . . I would like to have the most secure equipment, cyber training, and election security [tools], but we simply can’t afford it.”

Judge Tatum further explained that although “Secretary Merrill is a champion of rural counties,” they often must do without the tools and resources available in wealthy counties. “While Huntsville and Birmingham can afford these [replacement] costs, when you’re talking about rural counties, we simply can’t afford these costs no matter how much they would improve our election security. For example, we would be responsible for paying for training. Of course, we have to compensate our poll workers for their time when they come to training. We can’t afford it. Rural counties are all in need of some additional resources.”

Development of a “cyber navigator program.” Election officials would like a state program that provides election security and cybersecurity professional services to local election officials. footnote19_y18DLiuAg2VHf-o8j09ooHnriVIb-hDeajjsqlkEyqY_lJfH7i5FgWVi19James Tatum, interview by Brennan Center.

Illinois recently developed such a system, where cyber navigators with responsibility for geographic zones will work across the state with local election officials to train relevant personnel and lead risk assessments and evaluations, among other things. They will fill a role akin in many ways to that of a chief information security officer for counties. Their assessment and evaluation efforts will help officials identify vulnerabilities and determine where additional resources may be needed to shore up cyber defenses. The program’s other principal components are infrastructure improvement and information sharing. footnote20_OOr43FNbIy8Gf7fZy3PMOaxfrGvMLA3YBUJuMwuTUzo_yVuJcbfakFvO20Matt Dietrich (spokesman, Illinois State Board of Elections), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 3, 2019.

Without a state resource for cyber assistance, local election officials, such as those in Bullock County who do not have dedicated IT staff, may be at greater risk of a successful cyberattack. Local election officials consider the state a trusted partner and know personnel are available to address all voting equipment technical questions. footnote21_y18DLiuAg2VHf-o8j09ooHnriVIb-hDeajjsqlkEyqY_qpLpPllESYhK21James Tatum, interview by Brennan Center. However, without a cyber navigator–type of program, local election officials may not have sufficient resources to appropriately respond to identified cyber threats to local systems or equipment, such as those risks shared by the Elections Infrastructure Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EI-ISAC).

After obtaining stolen log-in credentials of a local election official, cybercriminals attempted to gain access to Arizona’s voter registration database in 2016. footnote1_hktiJeW-FuvrAQNviezHKnosa50Qnl4J91mGe8GCk_xkW7BZ5374Aw1Mark Phillips, “Arizona’s Brush with Potential Hacker During 2016 Election,” ABC 15, April 18, 2019, https://www.abc15.com/news/state/arizonas-brush-with-potential-hacker-during-2016-election  Subsequently, state election officials initiated the procurement process for a new, more secure database. They also established private and public partnerships to help identify system vulnerabilities and appropriate steps to mitigate them.

For several reasons, including the decentralized nature of Arizona’s election administration system, state election officials believe that supporting local election officials’ election and cybersecurity improvement projects is a critical component of their efforts to improve election security across the state. footnote2_7iBhRk9Nmrq-IQ88cXThdJ7fihSoGloTS-46lAlCxaI_amcxKGlwl1ik2Sambo “Bo” Dul (election services director, Arizona Secretary of State) and Bill Maaske (chief information officer, Arizona Secretary of State), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 17, 2019. While the 2018 grant provides necessary funding for foundational election security projects, some of which will directly benefit local officials, it is simply not enough to also pay for projects that would provide or subsidize cyber services and more secure voting equipment to local election officials. footnote3_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_xTXfNRMFuyDR3Ibid.

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds

Federal grant: $7,463,675

State match: $373,184

Total: $7,836,859

Arizona has designated the entirety of its federal election security grant and state matching funds toward the following projects: footnote4_GF2R3HEHZKaFuvWXdrHJQSld3yczv7Q1O2b4hKjAU_nyc2j8sYDTcT4   Arizona Department of State, “Arizona 2018 HAVA Election Security Funds,” 2018, https://www.eac.gov/havadocuments/AZ_Narrative_Budget.pdf

• Voter registration database replacement. The former Arizona secretary of state, Michele Reagan, explained the importance of this project, stating, “When our online database was created, cybersecurity was an afterthought. Now, faced with international threats, we must have a system that implements strong protections and the highest level of security capabilities to protect voter data.” footnote5_cPfojZ3t7MTug7tZRMoYY9yIdKfkPE81VyjO7Jopn8_bqn0Vc5u1f7n5Matt Roberts, “Secretary Reagan Seeks Updated Voter Registration System,” Prescott Valley News, May 21, 2017, https://prescottvalleyenews.com/index.php/news/current-news/item/10238-secretary-reagan-seeks-updated-voter-registration-system  While the total cost of replacing the aging database is estimated at $7 million to $10 million, the state has devoted approximately $2.8 million to the project. footnote6_37zsYsf05zTloOvaaQU3iRWa1mBBiorwGwvuhUKew_zWlNjAq4Dt1k6Election Services Division, Arizona Secretary of State, “Request for Proposal for Voter Registration System,” 2017, https://aset.az.gov/sites/default/files/itac/Exhibit%204%20-%20Meeting%20Packet%20-%20PIJ%20-%20ST18001.pdf ; Arizona State Procurement Office, “Master Blanket Purchase Order ADSPO17–186601,” 2017, https://procure.az.gov/bso/external/purchaseorder/poSummary.sdo;jsessionid=C533D16BE1B852F8735B5323D81D4BCF?docId=ADSPO17–186601&releaseNbr=0&parentUrl=contract
• Cybersecurity. The state designated the remaining grant funds, approximately $5 million, to various cybersecurity projects, including:
  • Security assessment. The state partnered with a private vendor to conduct an assessment of the “current IT infrastructure, focusing on critical election systems.” The state expected this assessment to “provide a framework for future spending.” The vendor’s public report was released in late 2018.
  • Information sharing. The state is partnering with local election officials to create stable communication channels and build a culture of support between the state and local election officials through routine meetings with interactive cybersecurity discussion topics and curated agendas.
  • Cybersecurity subgrants to local election officials. Working in conjunction with local election officials, the state plans to distribute a portion of its federal grant directly to counties to fund mutually agreed-on cyber projects.

Additional Unfunded Security Needs

Election officials in Arizona noted they do not currently have funds they need to expand cybersecurity assistance to local election officials or replace legacy voting systems. footnote7_E3hFT2mKf9A4cQIVJfN3z6YSeR5roGG72B4LKungc_nNDCxEUdFRiT7Sambo “Bo” Dul and Bill Maaske, interview by Brennan Center; Tonia Tunnell (state and federal compliance officer, County Recorder’s Office, Maricopa County, Arizona), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, April 26, 2019.

Greater cybersecurity assistance to local election officials. Assisting local election officials with the cybersecurity challenges they face is an important priority for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs. footnote8_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_zRw4neUFcs118Ibid. The secretary of state’s chief information officer, Bill Maaske, stated that if Congress provides additional election security funding for the states, then he would support using those funds to implement a state cyber navigator program, which, as described below, would coordinate cybersecurity resources, information, and trainings for and with local election officials. footnote9_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_hFfd9BjrPINu9Ibid.

Such a state program could provide essential services to local election officials, some of whom lack dedicated IT staff and may be at a greater risk of successful cyberattack. Without a cyber navigator–type of program, these local election officials may not have sufficient resources to appropriately respond to identified cyber threats to local systems or equipment, such as those shared by EI-ISAC.

Legacy voting system replacement. Arizona’s legacy voting systems represent a security and availability risk for three main reasons. First, “older systems are more likely to fail and are increasingly difficult to maintain.” footnote10_qNOzbSIe3MvCsByEMevPjeayMhLEBTANLNLzNClGO3I_pP4mEz1L38yG10Election Security Hearing (statement of Lawrence Norden). Aging voting systems often use outdated hardware, and many of them, including the AccuVote TSX and AVC Edge systems used in multiple Arizona counties, are no longer manufactured. footnote11_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_wwJ2XL39iTs711Ibid., footnote12_JPYiO-8fI-CkFZdvgKT9vmZzCPnatfdzEdsLfH1FBQ_jOnPVC4vKKXJ12Verified Voting, “The Verifier — Polling Place Equipment in Arizona — November 2018,” accessed May 2019, https://www.verifiedvoting.org/verifier/ ., footnote13_sgVgnLpnvAEMQNSqjjX-ZYT9DMKbbmSnpjzAE6De5M_jMX932S9dauq13Lawrence Norden and Andrea Cordova, “Voting Machines at Risk.”   This can make finding replacement parts difficult, if not impossible. Second, aging systems also frequently rely on outdated software, like Windows XP and 2000, which may not receive regular security patches and are therefore more vulnerable to the latest methods of cyberattack. Third, “older systems are less likely to have the kind of security features we expect of voting machines today.” footnote14_T1ktwQ1vaMuCu4j3BkYbNWDUeSzL5QpGmvp5NGPhixM_crifj4TraDGM14Election Security Hearing (statement of Lawrence Norden).

State election officials estimate the cost to replace the legacy voting equipment in use across the state, including the direct recording electronic (DRE) machines, to be $40 million. footnote15_zBb81vCwUMabWpY4OTVeoRib8uIG896WCBpapCCiO-w_wnZ6OZa6WDnx15Verified Voting “The Verifier — Polling Place Equipment in Arizona.” While relatively wealthy and urban counties, like Maricopa County, may be able to fund the purchase of new voting equipment without financial support from the state, Arizona’s more rural counties will likely struggle to find sufficient local resources. footnote16_SYNnEnopDmyIbT8XUuvu6QT9EcxFCIvBioWuRXuxNoA_ryujJmq3hDxh16Tonia Tunnell, interview by Brennan Center., footnote17_pLMgcLS3PourqkJ4riU7RChgoTyvnPf1w39rqVBQz0_nf5ZK8R3BVc217Sambo “Bo” Dul and Bill Maaske, interview by Brennan Center May 17, 2019.  Considering this, if Congress allocates additional state election security funding, then state election officials can prioritize assisting counties with new voting system procurement costs. footnote18_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_cW9fMrxdgbda18Ibid.

Illinois

Former special counsel Robert Mueller’s report on Russian election interference included a troubling finding about Illinois: Russian operatives “compromised the computer network of the Illinois State Board of Elections . . . [,] then gained access to a database containing information on millions of registered Illinois voters, and extracted data related to thousands of U.S. voters before the malicious activity was identified.” footnote1_dM2gvA04knlXSxu0A858Vjv6x9HRl5wmfFPbUZz8FOY_b1eoNs3lKMVJ1Special Counsel Robert S. Mueller, III, Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , U.S. Department of Justice, 2019, 50, https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf . Although there is no single panacea to address such threats, the state is devoting a substantial portion of its federal election security funds to a cyber navigator program, which should help identify and address cybersecurity vulnerabilities like those the Russians exploited in 2016.

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds

Federal grant: $13,232,290

State match: $661,615

Total: $13,893,905

Illinois is using all of its federal election security funds to improve its cybersecurity. The hallmark of that effort is the state’s cyber navigator program; the state plans to devote at least half of its federal grant toward this program.

Cyber navigators with responsibility for geographic zones across the state will work with local election officials to train relevant personnel and to lead risk assessments and evaluations, among other things. They will fill a role akin in many ways to that of a chief information security officer for counties. Their assessment and evaluation efforts will help officials identify vulnerabilities and determine where additional resources may be needed to shore up cyber defenses. The program’s other principal components are infrastructure improvement, through the Illinois Century Network Expansion, and information sharing, through the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Program. footnote2_1FVQteZNR8XNkNsFb2gJLW-L2N1hiaZn-P2p9zP8wc_gdyFBXNmj6Vz2Matt Dietrich, interview by Brennan Center.

Additional Unfunded Security Needs

Election officials noted two unfunded election security projects: adoption of countermeasures for security vulnerabilities identified through risk and vulnerability assessments, and legacy voting system replacement. footnote3_dpLAEjhKAj-pjn49cbhQDolk8IngSpYLooP9NqlBwM_h7f5X0OyUtXP3Noah Praetz (former elections director, Cook County, Illinois), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 6, 2019; Matt Dietrich, interview by Brennan Center.

The cyber navigator program will help Illinois officials identify potential vulnerabilities in election systems and concrete actions to correct those weaknesses. However, as Noah Praetz, the former elections director of Cook County, explained, counties will likely need additional funds to correct any issues that arise during assessments: “The cyber navigators will be a great resource for counties and will go a long way toward helping officials across Illinois improve their cybersecurity. But we’ll likely need continued funding support to address any vulnerabilities that the Navigators identify and to carry the cyber navigator program forward after its first few years.” footnote4_fCFZbzLVaEYXCm-D4bshgQ-MQnfnGuZi4xAIyckuek8_okH9SnKmN1gt4Noah Praetz, interview by Brennan Center.

More immediately, Matt Dietrich of the State Board of Elections explained that Illinois needs significant additional funding to undertake a statewide replacement of its aging voting systems. He estimated the likely cost to be $175 million. “Many of our local jurisdictions used the [original] HAVA grants to modernize their outdated voting systems. But those systems are now 15 years old and in need of replacement.” footnote5_1FVQteZNR8XNkNsFb2gJLW-L2N1hiaZn-P2p9zP8wc_nn3IfOZ7B9k55Matt Dietrich, interview by Brennan Center. As explained above, such aging systems were not designed to withstand today’s threats and can be more prone to equipment and software issues that could affect performance during voting.

As one of only three states that continue to use paperless voting machines statewide, Louisiana lacks one of the most critical election security measure available today: voter-verifiable paper backups of every vote. Despite warnings by Department of Homeland Security (DHS) officials, cybersecurity experts, and the former Louisiana secretary of state, these paperless machines will likely be used in the upcoming 2019 general election for governor, attorney general, four other statewide elected positions, and all 144 members of the Louisiana Legislature.footnote1_5bbYNll7798ljm1NbhBAseMfjN-KBF58xWr6Qs3uCnY_ei9WTLwTjNQO1Alyza Sebenius, “Trump Cyber Official Warns Voting Machines Need Paper Trails,” Bloomberg, February 13, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019–02–13/trump-cyber-official-warns-voting-machines-need-paper-trails; Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Starts Process to Replace 10,000 Voting Machines, but It May Come with Hefty Price Tag,” The Advocate, March 30, 2018, https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/elections/article_70500bb0–345b-11e8-a151–9fe2f4f5bd30.html (in which then-secretary of state Tom Schedler warns, “The day of reckoning is coming”)., footnote2_63qLtFFNHlklhEWK5ods4t2ltLhQAPfpJ45qjKfA98_jq4QGpMJi9t82Julia O’Donoghue, “Louisiana Won’t Have New Voting Machines for 2019 Governor’s Race,” Nola, December 10, 2018, https://www.nola.com/news/2018/12/louisiana-wont-have-new-voting-machines-for-2019-governors-race.html (stating, “The secretary of state’s office has faith in the older machines, even if it would have preferred to use new machines next fall. ‘We haven’t had problems with the machines,’ Ardoin spokesman Tyler Brey said. ‘We have no issues with vulnerability. They work just fine.’”). 

The ongoing effort by state election officials to replace the paperless voting machines in order to make election results verifiable has faced many setbacks, including bid protests, administration changes, and state budget woes. footnote3_fC8n-HWdpkE70LphoyzW5VKJObyPIDeaEKbDm6xalT0_wvGKoDavPRRD3Julia O’Donoghue, “Plans to Replace Louisiana Voting Machines Stall,” Nola, November 30, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20181129033258/https:/www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article222332155.html ; Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Starts Process to Replace 10,000 Voting Machines” (stating that, including the federal grant, there was approximately $8 million in state funds available for new voting equipment as of March 2018); Mark Ballard, “Here’s Why Louisiana Won’t Get New Voting Machines in Time for Next Year’s Big Elections,” The Advocate, December 11, 2019, https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/elections/article_2973c230-fda6–11e8-a0da-6bb5e6c765fa.html (stating that the state has approximately $1.5 million set aside for new voting equipment); Melinda Deslatte, “Decision Upheld to Scrap Louisiana Voting Machine Contract,” Associated Press, November 28, 2018, https://web.archive.org/web/20181129033258/https://www.newsobserver.com/news/business/article222332155.html (stating, “The voting machine replacement work began under Ardoin’s predecessor and former boss, Republican Tom Schedler”). Most recently, the process to purchase new, paper-based voting machines failed in October 2018 after a bid protest was filed. With this process stalled, state election officials plan to spend $2 million to rent reliable voting equipment for early voting for the 2019 election. footnote4_BHhubtuZnqau4buVm70K3ynFi1uTz4d83majRgJ3Bwg_ufkUoyEukgC84Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Renting Early-Voting Machines for Fall Election,” Associated Press, April 3, 2019, https://www.wwltv.com/article/news/politics/elections/louisiana-renting-early-voting-machines-for-fall-election/289-a2aa9046–5468–4460-ae2f-9dab84363e6d ; Lani Durio (Louisiana deputy director of elections), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 7, 2019. Although Secretary of State Kyle Ardoin wants to get new voting machines “as soon as possible to continue to keep Louisiana at the forefront of election integrity and security,” the timeline for replacing the voting machines is somewhat unclear. footnote5_QxXKu8aOBU9T6xkKOwlMGFkkfN5pxCYhj8NHrhUosIo_kJnuaUzuZyk55Julia O’Donoghue, “Plans to Replace Louisiana Voting Machines Stall”; Lani Durio, interview by Brennan Center (stating that state election officials plan to initiate the procurement process “in the near future”).

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds

Federal grant: $5,889,487

State match: $294,474

Total: $6,183,961

Given the pressing need to replace the state’s paperless voting machines, Louisiana officials have allocated the entirety of the state’s federal election security grant toward the purchase of new voting systems. However, those funds are insufficient to cover the cost of replacing paperless machines statewide. The original contract awarded for new voting equipment, since rescinded, was $95 million. footnote6_eB5ruoiw0EtlFhIB31OL4Lel06uHyMIC8vb4-B2ZqRc_cmo85qakY1II6Benjamin Freed, “Louisiana Cancels $95 Million Contract for New Voting Machines,” StateScoop, October 11, 2018, https://statescoop.com/louisiana-cancels-95-million-contract-for-new-voting-machines/ . Although state officials believe that the ultimate contract price for new voting machines will be lower, federal grant funds may cover less than 10 percent of total costs associated with obtaining and deploying a new, paper-based voting machine fleet across the state. footnote7_qRZYZlusaNtqmafZspTJJ9IR2iKZL1KJOCNfzOpscfI_vBhpiwb0D6LL7Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Starts Process to Replace 10,000 Voting Machines” (stating, “[Secretary of State] Schedler estimates the entire replacement project, complete with new equipment and computer software, will cost between $40 million and $60 million”); Lani Durio, interview by Brennan Center., footnote8_UeB0Fr6eso1Zy3voGXJ6hL0hi0B1H-hOUObMhwjQ_ebbZFIbdQ9kJ8Total cost estimates range from $40 million–$60 million to $95 million; see Benjamin Freed, “Louisiana Cancels $95 Million Contract”; also see Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Starts Process to Replace 10,000 Voting Machines” (stating, “[Secretary of State] Schedler estimates the entire replacement project, complete with new equipment and computer software, will cost between $40 million and $60 million”). The federal portion of the 2018 grant, $5,889,487, is 9.8% of $60 million. 

Additional Unfunded Security Needs 

Louisiana has set aside all of its federal money to pay for much-needed new voting machines with paper backups. Even with this funding, it still faces a multimillion dollar gap to replace its voting machines. In addition, it has other security needs that have gone unaddressed, including:

• Post-election audits. If paper-based voting systems are deployed across the state, then the essential election security bookend to the use of paper ballots – robust postelection audits to ensure that the ballots were counted as cast – can be implemented.
• Addressing identified cyber vulnerabilities. Cyber vulnerabilities are identified on an ongoing basis by the secretary of state’s information technology department. footnote9_hHglbH9YO4VN9SLcnOyNEDz5SJV4l6kzqy1CGQCGCI_qBYNSlFn79vH9Melinda Deslatte, “Louisiana Starts Process to Replace 10,000 Voting Machines” (stating, “Schedler said Louisiana has upped its security and continues to look for system improvements. ‘We are constantly changing codes and putting up blocks,’ he said”). They also may be identified periodically through independent Risk and Vulnerability Assessments available from DHS. Resources may be required to address cyber vulnerabilities discovered during these processes.

Although Oklahoma deployed a new statewide fleet of voting equipment in 2012, the state still faces many difficult election security decisions. Recent financial constraints have severely limited officials’ discretionary spending as Oklahoma slowly recovers from one of the most debilitating financial crises in the state’s history. Eight months into the past fiscal year, Oklahoma was forced to reduce state agency budgets, resulting in a $50,000 cut in funding to the Oklahoma State Board of Elections. footnote1_FLngCw8S2QlGXoNLv5uvjYBFa0Zs0L9cU6MIcSpwSjo_eUkUy8RS2Euk1Oklahoma State Election Board, “OK Narrative Budget,” 2018, https://www.eac.gov/havadocuments/OK_Narrative_Budget.pdf . The year ended in June 2019 with a $167 million projected shortfall, and this was considered an improvement. One state official noted, “Last year [FY 2018], our shortfall was around $800 million. I believe the year before was about $1.3 billion, so we’re improving.” footnote2_h6boP3-sByISpUniQde94jHVXXwqFN6NUOPquDSgT4_o7Oz9PBtTAEw2Lili Zheng, “Oklahoma Faces $167M Budget Shortfall Next Fiscal Year,” KFOR, February 20, 2018, https://kfor.com/2018/02/20/it-doesnt-look-hopeful-oklahoma-facing-167-budget-shortfall-for-next-fiscal-year/ .

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds

Federal grant: $5,196,017

State match: $259,801

Total: $5,455,818

As of July 2018, Oklahoma planned to devote the entirety of its federal grant funds to the following four critical election security projects: footnote3_cTMnVNE7nkzt6MQJkaP7ifGdz99d74ZtoVr6FqkePGY_fEK0ArbCu3L33Oklahoma State Election Board, “OK Narrative Budget.”

• Voter registration database upgrades and security enhancements. The current custom-built state voter registration database relies on architecture designed in 2005 that can be installed only on Windows PCs. Oklahoma plans to spend $1.65 million on the most critical security and system updates and upgrades.
• Cybersecurity and physical security improvements. Working with state and federal partners, election officials have identified multiple discrete projects, such as the relocation of their servers to a secure server bunker, implementation of two-factor authentication for access to the state Virtual Private Network (VPN), and remote antivirus protection management. The aggregate estimated cost of these projects is $1 million.
• Training. The state estimates that developing and providing training for local election officials on the new equipment described above and additional cybersecurity trainings will cost approximately $300,000.
• New election system equipment. The state plans to use $2.5 million to purchase electronic poll books, which officials say can enhance election security through built-in security features, such as automated notifications in the event of unusual activity, e.g., the addition or deletion of a high number of voter records, by one or more users. footnote4_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_qNRdhkg5GIll4Ibid. The state also plans to purchase document scanners to reduce the need to store hard copies of documents that contain personal private information and to protect against theft and loss of information through accidents and disasters. footnote5_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_axr8G6MCqutt5Ibid.

Additional Unfunded Security Needs

According to State Election Board Secretary Paul Ziriax, Oklahoma Cyber Command and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) may recommend new election security projects that should be given higher priority than those currently planned. footnote6_QO5yTlSnYAULR0GSPrH0yqX4wa5qLlK1bTGwRla0_eIZl4apxZKmw6Paul Ziriax (secretary, Oklahoma Board of Elections), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 2, 2019. These partner agencies routinely provide services that identify cyber vulnerabilities and significant system risks and have been working with the Election Board to explore options “to optimize the board’s physical and cybersecurity and plan for potential election emergency situations.” footnote7_9rGNkVLm29M1dJqCyy9fSy280e-k7RncL9wboAWKoCs_fzqeGkUk6wiv7Office of Management and Enterprise Services, State of Oklahoma, “State of Oklahoma Executive Budget Fiscal Year 2020,” February 2019, https://omes.ok.gov/sites/g/files/gmc316/f/publications/bud20.pdf ; Paul Ziriax, interview by Brennan Center.

If this process leads to recommendations of new election security measures, then Oklahoma would likely revise the current grant narrative to include them, Ziriax stated. footnote8_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_trErR0ugkkEg8Ibid. If officials designate federal funding for these new projects, then they must reduce the amount of federal funds currently designated for one or more of the projects described above. Depending on the costs associated with the new projects, officials may be forced to delay, partially defund, or abandon currently planned election security projects.

Regardless of the outcome of these assessments, Oklahoma has several additional election security needs, some of which have already been identified by election officials, that are not currently designated for federal funding, including:

• Robust postelection audits. Oklahoma is one of only 10 states with no postelection audit process. footnote9_QLGe-jfBJwBfp3G22Fz3WI9SOadK2uk1SPhdW03devI_sG3Kn5oBnpeo9National Conference of State Legislatures, “Post-Election Audits,” January 2019, http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-campaigns/post-election-audits635926066.aspx . Robust postelection audits ensure that the ballots were counted as cast and are an essential election security bookend to the state’s use of paper ballots for all elections.
• Voting equipment hardware and software updates. Although Oklahoma’s fleet of paper-based voting equipment is relatively new compared with that of several other states, it is already at the approximate “halfway mark of its life span,” and state officials “anticipate that the system may require hardware and/or software updates.” footnote10_cTMnVNE7nkzt6MQJkaP7ifGdz99d74ZtoVr6FqkePGY_bP6YdGv2CdMR10Oklahoma State Election Board, “OK Narrative Budget.” If such updates become necessary for proper voting system fleet maintenance, then officials plan to revise the grant narrative and use federal funds for this project. footnote11_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_fQl8X04o5LIe11Ibid.
• Virtual Private Network (VPN) upgrades. Oklahoma election officials are exploring options to upgrade the VPN provided by the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education to enhance security and protection of the state voter registration database. footnote12_cTMnVNE7nkzt6MQJkaP7ifGdz99d74ZtoVr6FqkePGY_peFD527i3eLM12Oklahoma State Election Board, “OK Narrative Budget.” This database houses the personal identifying information of more than 2.1 million registered voters in Oklahoma. footnote13_G2PZqPP3DwOByccfhcMGUi8bo-3DZLcEpnp3bhs9HwM_mNkAP1nrCVF413Oklahoma State Election Board, “Current Registration Statistics by County,” January 15, 2019, https://www.ok.gov/elections/documents/20190115%20-%20Registration%20By%20County%20(vr2420).pdf .

Pennsylvania’s election security challenges are substantial: As recently as the 2018 midterm elections, more than 80 percent of Pennsylvania voters were registered in jurisdictions still using paperless voting systems. footnote1_bUDq3MbyY9oEKkNJhiFblT8AH8qood7FEkOvloW0Cs_mBPPImuDNduY1Blue Ribbon Commission on Pennsylvania’s Election Security, Study and Recommendations, 2019, 14, https://www.cyber.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/FINAL%20FULL%20PittCyber_PAs_Election_Security_Report.pdf . Yet Pennsylvania officials have taken steps to move away from these vulnerable machines. Those efforts include the Pennsylvania Department of State directing counties to have paper-based systems in place by 2020. footnote2_aQLoXtFv1CcKwkr4PZq58aT8D4aCUE3ItRO67JBCXPA_giwD8gQVvwuu2Pennsylvania Department of State, “Department of State Tells Counties to Have New Voting Systems in Place by End of 2019,” May 12, 2018, http://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/State-Details.aspx?newsid=276 ; Pennsylvania Department of State, “Wolf Administration Directs That New Voting Systems in the Commonwealth Provide Paper Record,” February 9, 2018, https://www.media.pa.gov/PagesStateDetails.aspx?newsid=261 .

Allocation of 2018 Federal Election Security Funds 

Federal grant: $13,476,156

State match: $673,808

Total: $14,149,964

Given the pressing need to replace the state’s paperless voting machines, Pennsylvania officials have allocated the entirety of the state’s federal election security grant to the purchase of new voting systems. The state is sharing these funds with counties in the form of a partial reimbursement once they have selected new voting systems, with each county receiving a share proportionate to its number of registered voters. According to the Department of State, the counties have made great strides toward accomplishing the state’s goal of having new paper-based machines in place across Pennsylvania by 2020, and acting Secretary of the Commonwealth Kathy Boockvar expressed confidence in the state’s ability to meet that timeline. footnote3_LQ8TO-kU44t2eVofZltH3NkNezZbeGNMhKaqJDX78_kxT6uZs4Cwhc3Kathy Boockvar (acting secretary of the Commonwealth, Pennsylvania Department of State) and Jonathan Marks (deputy secretary for elections and commissions, Pennsylvania Department of State), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, May 3, 2019.

Unfortunately, those funds (approximately $14 million with the state match added) are insufficient to cover the cost of replacing paperless machines statewide. The Pennsylvana Department of State estimates that federal funds will cover only 10 to 12 percent of the statewide bill to replace existing machines (approximately $150 million). footnote4_uigIqA2Ppwnt57AHGrfaZp3VCzOFZEyNqbSWcMxqYOM_bDd4jcCGndpN4Ibid; see also Blue Ribbon Commission on Pennsylvania’s Election Security, Study and Recommendations, 24. In Lehigh County, for example, Tim Benyo, the county’s chief clerk for elections and registration, stated that federal funds will cover only a small portion of the county’s planned spending to procure a new paper-based voting system: roughly $350,000 of the $3.5 million that the county had budgeted for upgrades. footnote5_GYlr2DTUCmpx4VbtAzMIZPqWp7UAtTaRepgnGArEkRM_aDi7psJvSvKq5Timothy Benyo (chief clerk, registration and elections, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, April 29, 2019. Zane Swanger, Mifflin County’s director of elections and voter registration, similarly said that federal funds will cover only $41,000 of a likely $250,000–$300,000 total bill for the predominantly rural county’s purchase of a new voting system. footnote6_qNWATH2brpibOHDLn11jVjtlTGIg-oNcOZ3gDOJf6ho_paOd6kcAUCFf6Zane Swanger (director of elections and voter registration, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania), interview by Brennan Center for Justice, April 30, 2019.

Additional Unfunded Security Needs 

Setting aside the ongoing funding gap for new voting systems with paper backups, the urgent need to replace the state’s legacy voting machines has deprived Pennsylvania of the ability to direct federal funds toward other critical election security needs. Examples include:

• Voter registration system. The state is embarking on a procurement process to replace its aging statewide voter registration system, which is into its second decade of use. Pennsylvania’s state officials “have regularly maintained and updated its operating system,” but as Benyo explained, “The system is really outdated, and it has gotten Band-Aid after Band-Aid and requires a lot of money to keep it working properly.” footnote7_3-OFMPvGXP5jVMngBwWMXJHITDqC5gwze4sFVu1ud48_vdmJGE6BytKR7Blue Ribbon Commission on Pennsylvania’s Election Security, Study and Recommendations, 34., footnote8_gamv6RkYpvKiM3SCvmeKdQIlZn7VN2fIyQiWincg6co_dybQbfzLGS8l8Timothy Benyo, interview by Brennan Center.  Department of State leadership stated that although they remain confident in the security of the current system thanks to multilayered security protections in place, the “voter registration system replacement is absolutely about security,” as well as improving its performance and efficiency. footnote9_tIj0qhG6zMBifxIhCcTTfl10g18I7tmnwhxDXvusQ_vkEYbIFgDqsl9Kathy Boockvar and Jonathan Marks, interview by Brennan Center. Not only is the current system expensive to maintain, but officials often confront performance costs when weighing security enhancements to the system.
• Cybersecurity assessments. County officials also expressed interest in regular, robust county cybersecurity assessments, which can be critical to identifying vulnerabilities and shoring up cyber defenses. Although DHS has put Pennsylvania through its Risk and Vulnerability Assessment process and the Pennsylvania National Guard has been offering some cybersecurity assessment services to counties, counties tend to lack dedicated funding for regular, periodic assessments. The Department of State mentioned the Center for Internet Security’s “Albert” sensors and annual costs, in particular, as something that additional funding could support for counties. footnote10_R-evMuEyk1Q1nYEVtOB7Iv2nSIrt1A1obCw-OZlkEXk_p7XL2M6hVA5j10Ibid.
• Cybersecurity trainings. There was also interest in cybersecurity training, which can help elections personnel guard against spear-phishing attacks and learn other basics of cybersecurity. Noting that the threat “environment is ever changing,” Zane Swanger emphasized the importance of training his staff, poll workers, and others involved in election administration about current security threats and “better election material handling.” footnote11_I0BR1oPWS4JvLMhQNyN4u3n-uxAqCwsHgu1bP4j8eeE_f1POqRkgsgtg11Zane Swanger, interview by Brennan Center.

In administering our elections, states face security challenges of unprecedented magnitude. They are, in many cases, ill equipped to defend themselves against the sophisticated, well-resourced intelligence agencies of foreign governments. States should not be expected to defend against such attacks alone. Our federal government should work to provide the states with the resources they need to harden their infrastructure against cybersecurity threats. At the very least, each state should develop the ability to verify election results in the case of a breach.

Russia and other malign foreign actors use multiple tools and tactics to interfere in democracies, and cyber threats against election systems are among them. The states included in this study have begun the hard work of upgrading dated infrastructure, setting aside funds for postelection audits, and addressing cyber vulnerabilities. But there is more they can do with additional resources.

Elections are the pillar of American democracy, and, as we saw in 2016 and 2018, foreign governments will continue to target them. States cannot counter these adversaries alone, nor should they have to. But at a time when free and fair elections are increasingly under attack, they can, with additional federal funding, safeguard them.

Acknowledgments

The Brennan Center gratefully acknowledges BLT Charitable Trust, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Craig Newmark Philanthropies, Democracy Alliance Partners, Ford Foundation, Lee Halprin and Abby Rockefeller, The JPB Foundation, Leon Levy Foundation, Open Society Foundations, Barbara B. Simons, and Wallace Global Fund for their support of our election security work.