Case Background
In November 2021, voters and non-profit organizations challenged the extreme partisan gerrymander of North Carolina’s congressional map, contending that it violated the state constitution’s “free elections clause,” among other provisions.
On February 4, 2022, the North Carolina Supreme Court held that the gerrymandered map was unconstitutional. After the legislature proposed another gerrymander for a replacement map, the state trial court, pursuant to a process created by the legislature, adopted a special-master drawn plan for the 2022 congressional elections.
On February 25, 2022, two North Carolina legislators asked the U.S. Supreme Court for an emergency stay of the state court decisions, relying on the radical “independent state legislature” theory. The Supreme Court denied the application for a stay on March 7, 2022.
On March 17, 2022, the state legislators petitioned for a writ of certiorari, asking the Supreme Court to hear the case on the merits. The Court decided to take the case on June 30, 2022, adding it to its list of cases to be argued during the term that begins this fall.
The immediate issue in Moore is whether the state legislators’ extreme partisan gerrymander will stand in North Carolina. In arguing for this outcome, the legislators have asked the Court to embrace the “independent state legislature” theory for the first time. If adopted by the Supreme Court, the theory could wreak havoc on American democracy. Find more resources about the dangers of the “independent state legislature” theory here.
Documents
Briefing on Application for Stay
- Legislators’ Application for Emergency Stay (February 25, 2022)
- North Carolina State Respondents’ Response in Opposition to Emergency Stay (March 2, 2022)
- Harper Respondents’ Response in Opposition to Emergency Stay (March 2, 2022)
- North Carolina League of Conservation Voters’ Response in Opposition to Emergency Stay (March 2, 2022)
- Common Cause’s Response in Opposition to Emergency Stay (March 2, 2022)
- Order Denying Stay (March 7, 2022)
Briefing on Petition for Certiorari
- Legislators’ Petition for Writ of Certiorari (March 17, 2022)
- North Carolina League of Conservation Voters’ Response (May 20, 2022)
- North Carolina State Respondents’ Response (May 20, 2022)
- Common Cause’s Response (May 20, 2022)
- Harper’s Response (May 20, 2022)
- Legislators’ Reply (May 27, 2022)
Briefing on Merits
- Legislators’ Brief (August 29, 2022)
- North Carolina State Respondents’ Brief (October 19, 2022)
- North Carolina Non-State Respondents’ Brief (October 19, 2022)
- Respondents’ Joint Motion for Divided Argument and For Enlargement of Time For Argument (November 7, 2022)
- Legislators’ Reply Brief (November 18, 2022)
- Hearing List (November 18, 2022)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of the United States (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Common Cause (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of State Respondents (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Petitioners (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of North Carolina League of Conservation Voters (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Harper et al. (March 20, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of the United States as Amicus Curiae (May 11, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Rebecca Harper, et al. (May 11, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Petitioners (May 11, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of Common Cause (May 11, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of State Respondents (May 11, 2023)
- Supplemental Letter Brief of North Carolina League of Conservation Voters (May 11, 2023)
- Opinion on Writ of Certiorari (June, 27, 2023)
Amicus Briefs in Support of Petitioners
- Amicus Brief of Pennsylvania Senate and Republican Caucus of Pennsylvania (September 2, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Restoring Integrity and Trust in Elections (September 2, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Lawyers Democracy Fund and State Legislators (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Citizens United, Citizens United Foundation, and Presidential Coalition (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of APA Watch (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of America First Legal (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of American Legislative Exchange Council (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of the States of Arkansas, Arizona, Alabama, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Utah (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of White House Watch, a Project of the United States Public Policy Council, et al. (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Honest Elections Project (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Taxpayers for Honest Elections (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of National Republican Redistricting Trust (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of The Claremont Institute’s Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of America’s Future (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Republican National Party, NRCC, and North Carolina Republican Party (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Public Interest Legal Foundation (September 6, 2022)
Amicus Briefs in Support of Neither Party
- Amicus Brief of Conference of Chief Justices (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of the Secretary of State of Missouri (September 2, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Wisconsin Voter Alliance and Pure Integrity Michigan Elections (September 2, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Group of New York Voters (September 6, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (September 6, 2022)
Amicus Briefs in Support of Respondents
- Amicus Brief of Thomas Griffith, John Danforth, Larry Thompson, Barbara Comstock, Peter Keisler, Stuart Gerson, et al. (October 20, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Stephen M. Shapiro (October 24, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Professors Akhil Reed Amar, Vikram David Amar, and Steven Gow Calabresi (October 24, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Michael L. Rosin (October 24, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Campaign Legal Center, Democracy 21, End Citizens United//Let America Vote Action Fund, National Council Of Jewish Women, Inc., Onevirginia2021, RepresentUs, Republican Women For Progress, Unitarian Universalists For Social Justice, and Voters Not Politicians (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Richard L. Hasen (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Charles Plambeck and Joni Walser (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Local Government Law Professors (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Constitutional Accountability Center (October 25, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of National Association of Counties, National League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors, International City/County Management Association, and the International Municipal Lawyers Association (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Law Forward et al. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Bipartisan Current and Former Election Officials Donetta Davidson, Tracy Howard, Neal Kelley, Roxanna Moritz, Helen Purcell, Al Schmidt, DeForest Soaries, and Janice Winfrey (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Bipartisan Group of Former Public Officials, Former Judges, and Election Experts From Pennsylvania (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Retired Four-Star Admirals and Generals, and Former Service Secretaries of the U.S. Armed Forces (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Human Rights Watch (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of the Brennan Center for Justice (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of William M. Treanor (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of FairDistricts Now (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Current and Former Election Administrators (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of American Civil Liberties Union, the ACLU of North Carolina, the Rutherford Institute, and the Niskanen Center (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of The Lawyers’ Committee For Civil Rights Under Law et al. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of The Making Every Vote Count Foundation and The Leadership Now Foundation (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Professor Derek T. Muller (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Professor Evan Bernick (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse and Representative Henry “Hank” Johnson, Jr. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Carolyn Shapiro, Nicholas O. Stephanopoulos, Daniel P. Tokaji (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of State Constitutional Historians Lawrence Friedman and Robert F. Williams (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of League of Women Voters of The United States and Leagues of Women Voters Representing 50 States and The District Of Columbia (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of American Bar Association (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Benjamin L. Ginsberg (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar et al. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Democracy and Race Scholars (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Eugene H. Goldberg (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Lawyers Defending American Democracy (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Scholars of State Constitutional Law (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Secretaries of State of Colorado, et al. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Scholars of the Founding Era (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of North Carolina Senator Daniel T. Blue, Jr. and North Carolina Representative Robert T. Reives, II (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of District of Columbia, Illinois, et al. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Public Citizen (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Boston University Center for Antiracist Research and Professor Atiba R. Ellis (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Former Republican Elected and Executive Branch Officials (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of NAACP Legal Defense & Educational Fund, Inc. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of Women4Change Indiana, Inc. (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of The Anti-Defamation League, The Sikh Coalition, The Union for Reform Judaism, Central Conference of American Rabbis, Women of Reform Judaism, and Men of Reform Judaism (October 26, 2022)
- Amicus Brief of United States (October 26, 2022)
Related Blogs and Reports
- Ethan Herenstein and Thomas Wolf, The ‘Independent State Legislature Theory,’ Explained, June 6, 2022
- Thomas Wolf and Ethan Herenstein, The Case that Could Blow Up American Election Law, July 11, 2022
- Eliza Sweren-Becker, A Debunked Legal Theory Could Be Used to Turn Our Elections into Chaos, June 30, 2022
- Michael Waldman, Putting Elections into the Wrong Hands, April 26, 2022