How States Can Prevent Election Subversion in 2024 and Beyond

In 2024, the United States will hold its first presidential election since the 2020 race and attempted coup. Many risks remain. States can shore up their systems ahead of 2024, but time is short.

The facts are still hard to believe: In 2020, President Donald Trump lost his reelection bid in an election that his own administration called “the most secure in American history.” footnote1_MYa6CIPyG9SIheegXQW8WBQrNHOm2dXB6SIUcvDk8_a7kYJdKx6xKm1Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, “Joint Statement from Elections Infrastructure Government Coordinating Council and the Election Infrastructure Sector Coordinating Executive Committees,” last updated November 12, 2020, https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/joint-statement-elections-infrastructure-government-coordinating-council-election. He then denied that loss and tried to hold onto the presidency through fraud and incitement of violence. Shocking numbers of people joined him. Politicians and pundits amplified baseless theories that the election had been stolen. State and local officials refused to certify valid election results. Lawyers sought to overturn these results in court, and judges voted to do so. Federal lawmakers attempted to thwart Congress’s nominal role in counting and certifying electoral votes. Vigilantes harassed and threatened election workers and attacked the U.S. Capitol. footnote2_QfWcw9gVMO6jnpADqvyj12vyfiVXcKm7dPO2c8Hs_d9s1JNyDr0TM2See generally Select Comm. to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, Final Report, H. Rep. No. 117–663 (2022), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-J6-REPORT/pdf/GPO-J6-REPORT.pdf. Thanks to heroic interventions by many officials and citizens, the attempted coup failed — narrowly.

Since then, the country has made progress toward insulating future elections from subversion attempts. Most notably, Congress passed the Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022 (ECRA), closing some loopholes and resolving ambiguities that the Trump campaign tried to exploit in 2020. Among other reforms, the ECRA clarifies that only a state’s governor or other predesignated executive official may submit official election results; bars state legislatures from changing the rules for appointing electors after Election Day; and makes it harder for federal legislators to overturn election results. Several states went further. Notably, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, and New York clarified their certification processes and took steps to combat disinformation and protect voters and poll workers from harassment and violence.

The 2022 midterms also indicated strong public support for democracy. Election deniers — that is, those who espouse false claims that the 2020 election was stolen or that U.S. elections are riddled with large-scale fraud — lost their bids for statewide offices that would have afforded them oversight of the 2024 election in battleground states. footnote3_3fsvO-bS36qEvYMVyXWavVB8k3Zx0BaJKyfQGhfWMQ_sP0TyxN46KJj3Associated Press, “Conspiracists Seeking Key State Election Posts Falling Short,” U.S. News & World Report, November 9, 2022, https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2022–11–08/election-conspiracies-frame-contests-for-secretary-of-state. Election denial was a losing message in much of the country. footnote4_qkjwYCUoTr2RH9YCMVl74uagjrJzfH7eqqIV5K7bM_rqhRuanZyQ0u4Lawrence Norden and Marina Pino, “Election Deniers Running for Secretary of State Were This Election’s Biggest Losers,” Brennan Center for Justice, November 14, 2022, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/election-deniers-running-secretary-state-were-elections-biggest-losers; Janet Malzahn and Andrew B. Hall, “Election-Denying Republican Candidates Underperformed in the 2022 Midterms,” Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, February 2023, https://siepr.stanford.edu/publications/working-paper/election-denying-republican-candidates-underperformed-2022-midterms; and Genevieve Nadeau, “How Democracy Concerns and January 6th Influenced Midterm Voting,” Protect Democracy, December 16, 2022, https://protectdemocracy.org/work/how-democracy-concerns-january-6th-influenced-midterm-voting. And voter confidence in the midterm outcomes was higher and less politically polarized.footnote5_nDBF1DeiNH45WBrFw9Rnecl7ijxxsynqAvcI2uU6SY_l1yeFJJLW9Cp5Charles Stewart III, How We Voted in 2022: A Topical Look at the Survey of the Performance of American Elections, MIT Election Data and Science Lab, May 23, 2023, 27–28, https://electionlab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2023–05/How-We-Voted-In-2022.pdf.

Despite this progress, the United States remains at risk for election subversion (that is, the overturning of an election outcome through disruption or manipulation of the vote counting, canvassing, or certification processes, or other acts of large-scale disenfranchisement). footnote6_lLZq9fCkjCFQ-mnelQS4Zq4O8nJmDqZgCo7SziKFfU_wE287vejtjLI6See generally States United Democracy Center, A Democracy Crisis in the Making: June 2023 Edition, June 8, 2023, https://statesuniteddemocracy.org/resources/democracy-crisis-june-2023/. Election denial is still rampant within federal, state, and local governmental bodies and among segments of the public. Although many of those who attacked the Capitol on January 6, 2021, have faced criminal consequences, so far the officials and politicians who incited them to violence have not. Election deniers won numerous congressional and state legislative seats, party chairs, and state and local election administrative positions. footnote7_gIxkBEWqNiBi55OLhKa7ZMWe1Ra3axL0xn07FvjGc_cyqmyDhRSzw97Nicholas Riccardi, “Election Conspiracists Claim Some Races for Local Offices,” AP News, November 19, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-elections-donald-trump-14ee28226986b6b4fb554aa3919d1525; James Bickerton, “Full List of Election Deniers Who Won Their Races,” Newsweek, November 9, 2022, https://www.newsweek.com/full-list-election-deniers-who-won-their-races-1758250; Lauren Miller and Wendy R. Weiser, “The Election Deniers’ Playbook for 2024,” Brennan Center for Justice, May 3, 2023, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/election-deniers-playbook-2024; and Bob Ortega et al., “Election Deniers in Charge of Some County Election Offices Are Continuing to Sow Mistrust in the Electoral System,” CNN, October 20, 2022, https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/20/politics/election-deniers-county-voting-offices-invs/index.html. Republican activists have recruited poll workers and observers in large numbers with the false and inflammatory message that U.S. elections are being stolen and must be “taken back.”footnote8_pSROh827fWeOvLb9NYRAsQi7RW1fXnJSodak7lXxY9c_kH2xwnTYpjGi8Mekela Panditharatne, “Misinformation Risks from Partisan Poll Watchers,” Brennan Center for Justice, November 8, 2022, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/misinformation-risks-partisan-poll-watchers; Mekela Panditharatne, “2020 Election Deniers Organize to Challenge Votes in 2022,” Brennan Center for Justice, July 25, 2022, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/2020-election-deniers-organize-challenge-votes-2022; Ned Parker, Linda So, and Moira Warburton, “‘Stop the Steal’ Supporters Train Thousands of U.S. Poll Observers,” Reuters, October 13, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/stop-steal-supporters-train-thousands-us-poll-observers-2022–10–13; Maegan Vazquez, “Trump Tells His Supporters to Become Poll Watchers with a Baseless Claim About Fraud at Voting Locations,” CNN, September 8, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/08/politics/donald-trump-poll-watchers-north-carolina/index.html (quoting President Trump in Winston-Salem rally: “Be poll watchers when you go there. Watch all the thieving and stealing and robbing they do.”); Sam Levine, “Republican Push to Recruit Election Deniers as Poll Workers Causes Alarm,” Guardian, June 30, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jun/30/republican-recruit-poll-workers-election-integrity; and Hannah Schoenbaum and Nicholas Riccardi, “Election Officials Brace for Confrontational Poll Watchers,” AP News, October 2, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/2022-midterm-electionspolitics-voting-presidential-biden-cabinetc3d31b3b3c8957a51a2cc32e009d59be.

While the ECRA included necessary reforms, Congress has failed to pass broader protections, including baseline national election standards. footnote9_-XA3sN6PgiadlupiPNYlUOGv5BEzr6kO-UtFrVG5PzE_qxyDfe4GA94d9Will Wilder, Derek Tisler, and Wendy R. Weiser, “The Election Sabotage Scheme and How Congress Can Stop It,” Brennan Center for Justice, November 8, 2021, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/election-sabotage-scheme-and-how-congress-can-stop-it; and Brennan Center for Justice, “The Freedom to Vote Act,” fact sheet, last updated July 13, 2023, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/freedom-vote-act. This failure puts the onus on states. Each state has different vulnerabilities and different options for addressing them. Every state should start with these five measures:

• Strengthen laws requiring timely certification based solely on verified vote totals, with effective enforcement mechanisms.
• Strengthen laws channeling election disputes through the state judiciary, and set clear standards governing how these disputes are resolved.
• Finalize a plan for putting out accurate information about the election process and preempting disinformation, starting well before Election Day and backed by adequate state resources.
• Bolster election administration with training, written guidance, and investment in equipment, security, scenario planning, staffing, and supplies.
• Enact stronger measures against intimidation of voters and election workers, including gun restrictions and privacy protections for election officials.

In some states, legislatures will be in session again before the 2024 vote; in others, they could be called to a special session. Elsewhere, administrative officials could implement many of these measures. And state policymakers at every level should continue to push for these reforms after 2024, because election subversion will remain a risk.