Nevada: Limits on Voter Eligibility Challenges

Written and published in partnership with All Voting is Local

Nevada, like most states, allows private individuals to challenge another person’s eligibility to vote. This resource details state and federal laws that govern this process and protect challenged voters. Nevada’s strong voter protections include requirements that challenges be based upon specific personal knowledge and be lodged in writing and under penalty of perjury.

Nevada law allows challenges before and during in-person voting, but only under limited circumstances.

• County clerks only accept pre-election challenges during a short, 5-day window that starts 30 days and ends 25 days before an election. footnote1_zMUXqApHAtp0i0qpcLkieqf1uxX8Pqh9G9PL3OqSS7M_c0B9RSrm87TG1 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.547(1). Only a registered voter from the same precinct as the voter in question can bring a challenge. footnote2_jccwxsIjI0rwtLzI1ZkHlFNqj0cN0kLv5K2DmCsq8g_vLaOgqwxeEA82 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.547(2)(a).  Challenges must be individualized and cannot list more than one voter. footnote3_TQkMTLtZw7tJN4KY7Y2M9SwIRdz4mLMJVTNVjkSzs_dGRzSaApu4RE3 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.547(4).
• The cut-off for pre-election challenges based on citizenship is earlier: 30 days before an election. footnote4_v4ux26ab2BBlWghMQpGjHCF4CTeVL2HznTRQ6Y22s_dRVsvIB7OYjf4 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.535(3).

• During in-person voting, only a registered voter from the same precinct may bring a challenge, and only on the following grounds: the voter’s party affiliation is not as stated, the voter does not live at the address listed on the roster, the voter already voted, or the voter is not the person listed in the roster. footnote5_zAKXB0tKLIIEdDdkNB0FLZ1ZNSYRl-gN39PQ3d8W-g_ePfDVhMwfq0w5 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.303(1)(a).

  Challenges must be based on firsthand, personal knowledge.

All challenges, regardless of when they are brought or on what grounds, must be based on “personal knowledge.” footnote6_6xKan0InRvLIM9BXPHrHRNkd16k2WFEwidrynHnVLI_raKd2B8iIfgX6 Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 293.303(1)(a), 293.547(2)(b), 293.535(1). Personal knowledge is defined as “firsthand knowledge through experience or observation of the facts upon each ground that the challenge is based.”footnote7_0p7ScxE0i7UavatZiC-LPsfSHorvk628HGUZUghE_kM7KzK5ugNkw7 Nev. Admin. Code §293.416(3).

The following are examples of what is not firsthand knowledge:

• Information from someone other than the voter, including family members, roommates, or anyone else purporting to have information about the voter.
• Information obtained from a newspaper or other media sources.

• Information obtained from a database or data matching program. In addition, any removal of voters based solely on data matching programs would be systematic removals that are strictly prohibited by the National Voter Registration Act within 90 days of a federal election. footnote8_TKg6m2GxTGFERLT2-NS2oYn2rv4EtYueOuvwFdnA_woB013RkpX0a8 52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(a); U.S. Department of Justice, Voter Registration List Maintenance: Guidance under Section 8 of the National Voter Registration Act, 52 U.S.C. § 20507, 4, September 2024, https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1366561/dl.

  Challenges must be in writing and signed or sworn under penalty of perjury.

Challengers must complete and sign, under penalty of perjury, a challenge affirmation that indicates the ground and the specific facts in support of the challenge. footnote9_rxud-NVn2rOYDSw7e0Vr723h7FCtcUw5M-SPiNGfY_fFRTkmy7oCnj9 Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 293.303(1)(a), 293.547(3). See https://www.nvsos.gov/sos/sos-information/forms-all-divisions/election-forms for copies of the affirmation forms used for challenges made during in person voting (Form EL612) and challenges made during the 5-day pre-election window (Form EL613). Nevada law contemplates that such challenges will include supporting documentation. footnote10_e4MbRedNcXefvh6z7ja8mtM0Se5y288y5D2-tOyWyg_aW9aFDprpHaF10 Nev. Admin. Code § 293.416(1).

A person challenging a voter’s citizenship must use a separate process that requires the challenge to be submitted by sworn affidavit. footnote11_mjh5–8qUZRfYnfbHD9iCbO5WJCmkfl3fPCvOOq1vGU4_yt0CKw48Tczp11 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.535(1)(a).

Almost no challenge should result in immediate removal of the voter from the voter rolls.

County clerks are required to mail notice to a voter who has been challenged. footnote12_puB0TJXAoGHuVLEk987giK9u-1ShRiBeomLbJaYVdlQ_riaKQXGm7W8w12 Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 293.535(3), 293.547(5). For most pre-election challenges, county clerks are required to immediately notify the district attorney and cannot cancel a voter’s registration before the election unless ordered to do so by a court. footnote13_Tv2fKrUdDXUE3yPF9oEP69EPkAtKcUDpZ-y-QQblWe8_qUUf2rPy4w0z13 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.547(5), (6).

The National Voter Registration Act further limits when and how voters can be removed from the rolls. Under the act, states and counties are permitted to remove a voter in just five circumstances: if the voter affirms the change; if state law requires, for a criminal conviction or mental incapacity; for the death of the voter; if the voter confirms a change of residence in writing; and based on other evidence of a change of residence, but only after the state sends a notice and the voter both fails to respond and fails to vote in the next two federal general elections. footnote14_c2pGDziFOYg31tsPV5CrtkICNKjuVU5xIMZ6UCP1WA_sfcnVQEJzvA714 52 U.S.C. § 20507(a)(3), (d). These restrictions apply regardless of whether clerks are conducting their own list maintenance or responding to challenges.

During in-person voting, a challenged voter who takes an oath can vote using a regular ballot.

When a voter is challenged during in-person voting, the voter can vote using a regular ballot if they take an oath swearing to their eligibility. If their identity is challenged, they must also show photo identification. If their residence is challenged, they must provide documentary proof of residence. footnote15_DfJ7VlA2ZGeNDryxmrqfcBKJ5Fsob3AXEEexNk7ACCU_aAAdNzCaNVOI15 Nev. Rev. Stat. § 293.303.

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Voters in Nevada have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. Baseless challenges to a voter’s eligibility can harass and intimidate the voter being challenged, as well as other voters waiting to vote at the polls. More information on the federal and state laws that protect Nevada voters from intimidation can be found here.

If voters discover they’ve been mistakenly removed from the rolls, they can re-register and vote during early voting and on Election Day. footnote16_yoHKg6gZwIriYoWSUN9ltMn9-LI3aneuIJwlKzbFBY_xCyA0KOjNkKP16 Nev. Rev. Stat. §§ 293.5842, 293.5847.