Texas: Limits on Voter Eligibility Challenges

With special thanks to Jenner & Block, LLP

Texas does not allow for challenges to a voter’s eligibility at polling locations during early voting and on Election Day. Texas does allow private individuals to challenge another person’s eligibility to vote outside of the voting period, and this resource details state and federal laws that govern this process and protect challenged voters. Texas’s strong voter protections include requirements that all challenges be made by written and sworn statement and be based upon personal knowledge.

Outside of the voting period, a registered voter from the same county may challenge another voter’s eligibility but only by written, sworn statement.

• Only a registered voter from the same county may challenge another voter’s registration,footnote1_Ec4DPejNssNHykwR644k5UCIqTGbxdXYUP9tlSZ4_aXLKx8LWO3gj1Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.091. Separately a registrar can challenge a voter registration applicant if the registrar has reason to believe they’re not eligible, but only within two days of processing the registration application. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 13.074. The voter has a right to notice and a hearing on such a challenge. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 13.075.and only by filing a written and sworn statement with the registrar. footnote2_5znsP2MmqqeHH5Gskf0et44lfOzMZgazBEpRcbMqU_qCPLs0WWns0G2Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.092.
• The written statement must identify the voter being challenged and identify the specific qualification for registration that the challenged voter has not met. footnote3_QsVqA2fZde6KhvEAA9ysz1X61y-QembHMq4qV6E4aQ_yhguyablyTmo3Id.

• It is a misdemeanor to include any intentionally misleading assertions in this statement. footnote4_dyjgn5eaBByjC6PMTxD6kqST2G8A3cmqLECvN6K3xE_p6xPo8SjKXGN4Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 276.013(a)(3)(A), (b).
   

  Challenges must be based on firsthand, personal knowledge.

All challenges must be based on “personal knowledge.”footnote5_DLA6UUOhoL9f9J2TjFPPsNMHy9HqNJFmo3LBvkEG6Hs_vf3OnSqUJlMZ5Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.092(2).Personal knowledge is defined as “knowledge gained through firsthand observation or experience, as distinguished from a belief based on what someone else has said.”footnote6_R2Gz9pBPQi4EzsBlq7ievoVVs6lZPW5RwyZ0ZdrS9w_wqFM2aq0fAt96Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), cited in Texas Secretary of State, Election Law Opinion RP-1, October 10, 2018, 4, https://www.sos.texas.gov/elections/elo/rp-1.pdf.

The following are examples of what is not firsthand knowledge:

• Information from someone other than the voter, including family members, roommates, or anyone else purporting to have information about the voter.
• Information obtained from a newspaper or other media sources.

• Information obtained from a database or data matching program. In addition, any removals of voters based on data matching programs would be systematic removals that are strictly prohibited by the National Voter Registration Act within 90 days of a federal election. footnote7_aDv6FW640Ej-uKt3CCBbLxhTH3lX1UThCzhCldb0a8_rh6xXhaRmM19752 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(a); U.S. Department of Justice, Voter Registration List Maintenance: Guidance under Section 8 of the National Voter Registration Act, 52 U.S.C. § 20507, 4, September 2024, https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1366561/dl
   

  All challenges, except those based on residency, are subject to a noticed hearing before the registrar.

• For challenges based on residency, the registrar must mail the challenged voter an address confirmation notice, footnote8_lqrdnZjO689UvnS8URVVJY5BGlrHCxRnSE0JGLhXI_krT5PDM8sBC78Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.0921.but only if the address on the challenge matches the address on the voter’s registration record. footnote9_3yby3Bs4rvBTiLWMTIu4-iPDZ3Pcs5Qh7mVgTKJdm0A_ya3nq2LB2QX79TX Secretary of State, Election Advisory No. 2023–26, December 21, 2023, https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/laws/advisory2023–26.shtml.Registrars are prohibited from sending confirmation notices to voters challenged on residency grounds within 75 days of an election until after the election has occurred. footnote10_lqrdnZjO689UvnS8URVVJY5BGlrHCxRnSE0JGLhXI_xVO4zFehzdJV10Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.0921.
• A challenged voter who fails to respond to a confirmation notice within 30 days will be put on the suspense list. footnote11_F3juiWuqMdGfgpEGK04onuREwek3FwYpVGuupD7KMA_o93DvdiyVDpw11Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 15.053, 16.0921(b).A voter on the suspense list can still vote if they submit a statement of residence when they appear to vote. footnote12_xumYM9d0BG0jbNl344sccAfqL57mWiXjQdScIk5wNNQ_oyN6IPrdT9GW12Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 15.112.
• For all challenges other than residence, the registrar must schedule a hearing no later than 20 days after the challenge was filed (unless a later date is agreed to by both parties). footnote13_CUzTxM-usya3DKTQUkZjxfKhCubQk6sONmW0YBEToFs_fKDZafHDuFtd13Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.093.If an election is approaching, the hearing must be scheduled before the election. footnote14_3yby3Bs4rvBTiLWMTIu4-iPDZ3Pcs5Qh7mVgTKJdm0A_zIX9WZ5uiEgc14TX Secretary of State, Election Advisory No. 2023–26, December 21, 2023, https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/laws/advisory2023–26.shtml.
• The registrar must send notice of the hearing and a copy of the challenge to the challenged voter no later than the 15th day before the hearing. footnote15_0ruL1p3an3fO7DluccyTK4hpBlTDfDHepz2ZohJ6UUI_vhRQgY8PZt9R15Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.094.

• After hearing evidence, the registrar must promptly deliver a written decision on the challenge. footnote16_rU2Ri9fXCNOjEpGlHQ7QuYU9JIsyWmyidWZ2x37cdI_sQmPnVRjgWIt16Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.095(a).The voter has the right to appeal the decision of the registrar. footnote17_zacN6UvDBztoEKW5YpJr9t5oZDOTX7JAsWIxj8Hq0_cyQEcbgPACPc17Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 17.002.
   

  Almost no challenge should result in immediate removal of the voter from the voter rolls.

The National Voter Registration Act limits when and how voters can be removed from the rolls. Under the act, states and counties are permitted to remove a voter in just five circumstances: if the voter affirms the change; if state law requires, for a criminal conviction or mental incapacity; for the death of the voter; if the voter confirms a change of residence in writing; and based on other evidence of a change of residence, but only after the state sends a notice and the voter both fails to respond and fails to vote in the next two federal general elections. footnote18_c2pGDziFOYg31tsPV5CrtkICNKjuVU5xIMZ6UCP1WA_f4IFmfgtV9hp1852 U.S.C. § 20507(a)(3), (d). These restrictions apply regardless of whether registrars are conducting their own list maintenance or responding to challenges.

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Voters in Texas have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. Baseless challenges to a voter’s eligibility can harass and intimidate the voter being challenged, as well as other voters waiting to vote at the polls. More information on the federal and state laws that protect Texas voters from intimidation can be found here.