Texas: Limits on Voter Eligibility Challenges

With special thanks to Jenner & Block, LLP

Texas does not allow for challenges to a voter’s eligibility at polling locations during early voting and on Election Day. Texas does allow private individuals to challenge another person’s eligibility to vote outside of the voting period, and this resource details state and federal laws that govern this process and protect challenged voters. Texas’s strong voter protections include requirements that all challenges be made by written and sworn statement and be based upon personal knowledge.

Outside of the voting period, a registered voter from the same county may challenge another voter’s eligibility but only by written, sworn statement.

• Only a registered voter from the same county may challenge another voter’s registration,footnote1_Ec4DPejNssNHykwR644k5UCIqTGbxdXYUP9tlSZ4_pt5fMzncvrfa1 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.091. Separately a registrar can challenge a voter registration applicant if the registrar has reason to believe they’re not eligible, but only within two days of processing the registration application. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 13.074. The voter has a right to notice and a hearing on such a challenge. Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 13.075. and only by filing a written and sworn statement with the registrar. footnote2_5znsP2MmqqeHH5Gskf0et44lfOzMZgazBEpRcbMqU_iUbDmxFee1212 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.092.
• The written statement must identify the voter being challenged and identify the specific qualification for registration that the challenged voter has not met. footnote3_QsVqA2fZde6KhvEAA9ysz1X61y-QembHMq4qV6E4aQ_pWZdH4y01d9F3Id.

• It is a misdemeanor to include any intentionally misleading assertions in this statement. footnote4_dyjgn5eaBByjC6PMTxD6kqST2G8A3cmqLECvN6K3xE_r9offjWkdpmI4 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 276.013(a)(3)(A), (b).
   

  Challenges must be based on firsthand, personal knowledge.

All challenges must be based on “personal knowledge.”footnote5_DLA6UUOhoL9f9J2TjFPPsNMHy9HqNJFmo3LBvkEG6Hs_vS7gjcRXzkhO5 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.092(2). Personal knowledge is defined as “knowledge gained through firsthand observation or experience, as distinguished from a belief based on what someone else has said.”footnote6_R2Gz9pBPQi4EzsBlq7ievoVVs6lZPW5RwyZ0ZdrS9w_cXiujUAjHmjL6 Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), cited in Texas Secretary of State, Election Law Opinion RP-1, October 10, 2018, 4, https://www.sos.texas.gov/elections/elo/rp-1.pdf.

The following are examples of what is not firsthand knowledge:

• Information from someone other than the voter, including family members, roommates, or anyone else purporting to have information about the voter.
• Information obtained from a newspaper or other media sources.

• Information obtained from a database or data matching program. In addition, any removals of voters based on data matching programs would be systematic removals that are strictly prohibited by the National Voter Registration Act within 90 days of a federal election. footnote7_aDv6FW640Ej-uKt3CCBbLxhTH3lX1UThCzhCldb0a8_qsfvMugpZBZD7 52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(a); U.S. Department of Justice, Voter Registration List Maintenance: Guidance under Section 8 of the National Voter Registration Act, 52 U.S.C. § 20507, 4, September 2024, https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1366561/dl
   

  All challenges, except those based on residency, are subject to a noticed hearing before the registrar.

• For challenges based on residency, the registrar must mail the challenged voter an address confirmation notice, footnote8_lqrdnZjO689UvnS8URVVJY5BGlrHCxRnSE0JGLhXI_uzTCFVWbWgHp8 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.0921. but only if the address on the challenge matches the address on the voter’s registration record. footnote9_3yby3Bs4rvBTiLWMTIu4-iPDZ3Pcs5Qh7mVgTKJdm0A_eLoFSWPWLMLc9 TX Secretary of State, Election Advisory No. 2023–26, December 21, 2023, https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/laws/advisory2023–26.shtml. Registrars are prohibited from sending confirmation notices to voters challenged on residency grounds within 75 days of an election until after the election has occurred. footnote10_lqrdnZjO689UvnS8URVVJY5BGlrHCxRnSE0JGLhXI_qxG5VVJATs2K10 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.0921.
• A challenged voter who fails to respond to a confirmation notice within 30 days will be put on the suspense list. footnote11_F3juiWuqMdGfgpEGK04onuREwek3FwYpVGuupD7KMA_z12Lj1sg8W1h11 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. §§ 15.053, 16.0921(b). A voter on the suspense list can still vote if they submit a statement of residence when they appear to vote. footnote12_xumYM9d0BG0jbNl344sccAfqL57mWiXjQdScIk5wNNQ_ksmcYUCrNYFu12 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 15.112.
• For all challenges other than residence, the registrar must schedule a hearing no later than 20 days after the challenge was filed (unless a later date is agreed to by both parties). footnote13_CUzTxM-usya3DKTQUkZjxfKhCubQk6sONmW0YBEToFs_gHdQrzfUh5g713 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.093. If an election is approaching, the hearing must be scheduled before the election. footnote14_3yby3Bs4rvBTiLWMTIu4-iPDZ3Pcs5Qh7mVgTKJdm0A_jR2nPOY7oXPM14 TX Secretary of State, Election Advisory No. 2023–26, December 21, 2023, https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/laws/advisory2023–26.shtml.
• The registrar must send notice of the hearing and a copy of the challenge to the challenged voter no later than the 15th day before the hearing. footnote15_0ruL1p3an3fO7DluccyTK4hpBlTDfDHepz2ZohJ6UUI_dN0DcHUcyjCr15 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.094.

• After hearing evidence, the registrar must promptly deliver a written decision on the challenge. footnote16_rU2Ri9fXCNOjEpGlHQ7QuYU9JIsyWmyidWZ2x37cdI_ihZMYMpwZTCt16 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 16.095(a). The voter has the right to appeal the decision of the registrar. footnote17_zacN6UvDBztoEKW5YpJr9t5oZDOTX7JAsWIxj8Hq0_i8nMeJczqqn317 Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 17.002.
   

  Almost no challenge should result in immediate removal of the voter from the voter rolls.

The National Voter Registration Act limits when and how voters can be removed from the rolls. Under the act, states and counties are permitted to remove a voter in just five circumstances: if the voter affirms the change; if state law requires, for a criminal conviction or mental incapacity; for the death of the voter; if the voter confirms a change of residence in writing; and based on other evidence of a change of residence, but only after the state sends a notice and the voter both fails to respond and fails to vote in the next two federal general elections. footnote18_c2pGDziFOYg31tsPV5CrtkICNKjuVU5xIMZ6UCP1WA_wONCGXU10cUS18 52 U.S.C. § 20507(a)(3), (d).  These restrictions apply regardless of whether registrars are conducting their own list maintenance or responding to challenges.

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Voters in Texas have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. Baseless challenges to a voter’s eligibility can harass and intimidate the voter being challenged, as well as other voters waiting to vote at the polls. More information on the federal and state laws that protect Texas voters from intimidation can be found here.