Pennsylvania: Limits on Voter Eligibility Challenges

Written and published in partnership with All Voting is Local, with special thanks to Jenner & Block, LLP

Pennsylvania, like most states, allows private individuals to challenge another person’s eligibility to vote. This resource details state and federal laws that govern this process and protect challenged voters. Pennsylvania’s voter protections include a requirement that pre-election challenges be made by sworn affidavit, a prohibition on Election Day challenges made on any grounds other than identity or residency, and a right to a noticed and recorded hearing for absentee and mail-in ballot challenges.

Pre-election challenges to a voter’s registration must be made by written affidavit.

• Only a commissioner, registrar or clerk, or another voter from the same municipality may challenge a voter’s registration. footnote1_lNJvgjLJdylxMCTO9MgUmphAQd4NXx2fRrXKEyzoW5Y_lSJvI96Vaf3l125 Pa. Stat. § 1329.
• The challenge must be made on a challenge affidavit form that states the reason for the challenge. footnote2_QsVqA2fZde6KhvEAA9ysz1X61y-QembHMq4qV6E4aQ_fDzcOm6HraOj2Id.A challenger who lies on the challenge affidavit may be charged with a criminal offense. footnote3_M-7GF1QLRp2rO9J-l5cxOSEtsG1Li17DpsBV1EFUDY_u0ImszfuZJ4Z318 Pa. Stat § 4904.
• A challenged voter must be given the opportunity to respond and should do so in a sworn or affirmed written statement with any supporting evidence attached. footnote4_YGsThULlOup6CVCXNDMwYMBTG796fEEfJFaYHquOI0o_gVWQilj9ZLGH425 Pa. Stat. § 1329(c).
• The National Voter Registration Act limits when and how voters can be removed from the rolls. Under the act, states and counties are permitted to remove a voter in just five circumstances: if the voter affirms the change; if state law requires, for a criminal conviction or mental incapacity; for the death of the voter; if the voter confirms a change of residence in writing; and based on other evidence of a change of residence, but only after the state sends a notice and the voter both fails to respond and fails to vote in the next two federal general elections. These restrictions apply regardless of whether clerks are conducting their own list maintenance or responding to challenges.
• The act also prohibits the “systematic” removal of voters within 90 days of a federal election. According to guidance from the U.S. Department of Justice, “This 90-day deadline applies to State list maintenance verification activities such as general mailings and door-to-door canvasses. This deadline also applies to list maintenance programs based on third-party challenges derived from any large, computerized data-matching process.”footnote5_O8WdYBls92WB-kDdtAd7YRwDd1ZBw3pI6O2bik-DFGE_pTSws9axtlK15U.S. Department of Justice, Voter Registration List Maintenance: Guidance under Section 8 of the National Voter Registration Act, 52 U.S.C. § 20507, 4, September 2024, https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1366561/dl.

Pennsylvania limits the grounds for Election Day challenges.

• Only a registered voter, election officer, overseer, or poll watcher may challenge a voter on Election Day.
• The only permissible grounds for an Election Day challenge are that the voter is impersonating the registrant, that they are not a resident, or that they’ve been bribed. footnote6_TtIxErzUysNX0v2jgkikdBsM0u6w8seogYUj-VER4_nPsqDhYWsZn4625 Pa. Stat. § 3050(d); 25 Pa. Stat. § 3051; Pennsylvania Department of State, Guidance on Rules in Effect at the Polling Place on Election Day, October 2016, 4–5, https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/Documents/DOS%20GUIDANCE%20ON%20RULES%20IN%20EFFECT%20AT%20THE%20POLLING%20PLACE%20ON%20ELECTION%20DAY%2010–16.pdf.A voter’s eligibility to register to vote is not a permissible challenge at the polls. footnote7_uMqgKLqdedF0SNHK4Blyveff2fcFmJng0JTMCiCZJUU_mBCLELIqZEHm7PA Department of State, Guidance on Rules at the Polling Place, 4.
• Challenges must be directed to the judges of elections, who will determine if the challenge was made in good faith and based on actual evidence that the challenged person is not qualified to vote. footnote8_VwBoJcifBKk2AislpAjhTPPPIASNbyRvpDbCc7utaw_aveBCGzSnlYK8PA Department of State, Guidance Concerning Poll Watchers and Authorized Representatives, October 5, 2022, https://www.vote.pa.gov/Your-Rights/Pages/Poll-Watchers.aspx.
• “A person is presumed to be a bona fide qualified elector and must be allowed to vote if his or her name appears on the poll book.”footnote9_M49Ryh1TwChigc879IHctqG4FNxVTSEOI6SGKV3q08_cg3qNaLNPZMq9PA Department of State, Guidance on Rules at the Polling Place, 5.
• The judge of elections must “impartially and faithfully perform [his or her] duties,” as required by the oath taken before each election. footnote10_CNLKV2dny1awE7rn0L6Dguf2uDe48krhbm1-MOJibQ_asvcsFgQVAcD1025 Pa. Stat. § 2677.Judges of elections are prohibited from allowing “routine or frivolous challenges that are not supported by a stated good faith basis and evidence that a person is or may not be eligible.”footnote11_OZkUZe6iBD2io4gO6nvkpsxa9umKSDvEl0ZRbBSKtbw_bsgN8SXKcf3g11PA Department of State, Guidance Concerning Poll Watchers.
• If the judge of elections is satisfied as to the identity and residency of the voter, the voter may vote a regular ballot. footnote12_96IMJDJdcy-dW8n7vsEw7-wL0uxFIYrDXXECFyEvZ8E_dFwFydLpoSnO12PA Department of State, Guidance on Rules at the Polling Place, 5.

• If the judge of elections cannot determine the residency or identity of the voter, the voter shall be permitted to bring another voter from the precinct to sign an affidavit vouching for the voter’s identity or residence. footnote13_Qf5F-vSDgkV65DN81dea-cWZ70JwDFLtNhh-4X2fPYM_jtgYyr52LQQg13Id.The voter then has the right to vote a regular ballot. footnote14_Qf5F-vSDgkV65DN81dea-cWZ70JwDFLtNhh-4X2fPYM_lFOdBLqZYK0y14Id.A challenged voter who cannot procure a witness to vouch for them must be allowed to vote a provisional ballot. footnote15_73UjQkaTwXJ1tqukrp8IDW9wwnMLA10OWjV4La321zs_pxJuENiz4FRc1552 U.S.C. § 21082(a); 25 Pa. Stat. § 3050(a.2); PA Department of State, Guidance on Rules at the Polling Place, 5.

  A formal hearing and deposit are required for challenges to absentee and mail-in ballot voters.

• Individuals must deposit $10 per challenge to an absentee or mail-in ballot voterfootnote16_Re1gdFEDDaQLt3hlw92t9LvhYyEitux-9Fbu90fic_xj7RLQ57XVvR1625 Pa. Stat. § 3146.8(f).and may only challenge their vote on the basis of eligibility. footnote17_mMvQhSvx3h00HjQBwl8iN1hI2WbsjBwhj98sBrzx8_uHaPcrrwSZfb1725 Pa. Stat. § 3146.2b(a); 25 Pa. Stat. § 3150.12b(a)(2).These challenges, and any challenge to a provisional ballot, are subject to a noticed and recorded hearing. footnote18_gyEmz7jRmaWlgc-nYeyKOKngIiiG2OeljRzH1zcpEg_bHUs5IRrZjAL1825 Pa. Stat. § 3146.8(g)(5) (Absentee and mail-in ballots); 25 Pa. Stat. § 3050(a.4)(4) (Provisional ballots).

• Authorized representatives designated by candidates or political parties may not challenge absentee or mail-in ballots during the pre-canvass or canvass period and may only challenge a provisional ballot on the basis of residency. footnote19_W4rmJCtb8izllNy1ppVgO25u8TryYMKwnlN65myn9I_ug05pAmsQkmP19PA Department of State, Guidance Concerning Poll Watchers, 5–6; 25 Pa. Stat. § 3050(a.4)(4).

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  Voters in Pennsylvania have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. Baseless challenges to a voter’s eligibility can harass and intimidate the voter being challenged, as well as other voters waiting to vote at the polls. More information on the federal and state laws that protect Pennsylvania voters from intimidation can be found here.