Voters in Arizona have the right to vote free from intimidation under federal and state law. footnote1_saPlQnqNLTrM1See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 594; 52 U.S.C. § 10101(b); Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1013.The federal protections that apply to all states are explained here. The following actions are specifically prohibited by Arizona law:
- Hindering the voting of others.footnote2_t4yvrMS9QJUr2Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(6).
- Removing or destroying materials that help a voter cast their ballot.footnote3_f6XDkDjP8daP3Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(5).
- Attempting to convince a voter to vote for or against anything on the ballot within 75 feet of a polling place.footnote4_agnOWvnWkwu54Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(3).
- Bringing weapons into a polling place or within 75 feet of a polling place entrance, even if the voter is licensed to carry such weapons. Military and on-duty peace officers acting in performance of their official duties are excepted.footnote5_smCs6iycTevj5Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(A)(11), (C).
The below addresses the laws that serve as guardrails against specific threats of intimidation.
Voter Challenges
Although Arizona law permits any properly registered voter to challenge another voter’s eligibility,footnote6_bNmubtFbC2ZA6 Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–591.state law also provides for some guardrails:
- Arizona law requires that a challenger must show that a voter is not eligible by clear and convincing evidence.footnote7_xm0GMGOtnLY37Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, December 30, 2023, 194, http://apps.azsos.gov/election/files/epm/2023/EPM_20231231_Final_Edits_to_Cal_1_11_2024.pdf.
- Challenges at a polling place must be made only to poll workers. No challenger may confront or question a voter directly.
- Any challenges based at all on race, national origin, disability, language, or religion may constitute voter intimidation.footnote8_jY0d0LzJeMtj8Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182–83.
- Repeated frivolous challenges, or those that are made to harass and intimidate voters, may amount to prohibited voter intimidation, and the challenger may be removed from the polling place.footnote9_k7nxAxMcwG0V9Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182–83.
Arizona law requires a high burden of proof for challenges to be sustained:
- Challengers must have clear and convincing evidence that the challenged voter is ineligible to vote.footnote10_k7lLG9GAhISP10Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–121.01(B).The challenge is assessed promptly at the voting location by a board made up of one election inspector and two election judges.footnote11_o5AUaN6pidHp11Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 195.
- Challenged voters may vote a regular ballot if they appear to be registered and take an oath and if the majority of the board finds the challenge to be invalid.footnote12_k5v5fDTyzAaF12Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–592.
- If the majority of the board finds the challenge to be valid or if a challenged voter does not wish to take the prescribed oath or answer the inspector’s questions, the voter may still cast a provisional ballot.footnote13_qJFpNdJfmkir13Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–592.
The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) provides additional safeguards to protect voters from mass challenges before an election:
- The NVRA expressly recognizes that National Change of Address information is not sufficient on its own to serve as the basis for canceling a voter’s registration.footnote14_q5udNtx3JqTa1452 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(1)(B).
- The NVRA prohibits the systematic removal of voters from the rolls within 90 days of a federal election.footnote15_h7nNgVT9lIIg1552 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(A).
The Brennan Center and All Voting Is Local published a detailed resource on the limits on voter eligibility challenges in Arizona here.
Intimidation of Poll Workers and Election Officials
In addition to federal protections against the intimidation of election workers, interfering with the work of an election worker in any manner is a felony in Arizona.footnote16_jfn84EDxbfHp16Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1004(A).It is also a misdemeanor to use or threaten to use violence or physical force to obstruct any public servant in performing a governmental function.footnote17_lTgEPFqoZSz617Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–2402.
Voter Intimidation by Poll Workers
The Brennan Center and All Voting is Local published a detailed resource on the rules and constraints for Arizona poll workers here.
Intimidation by Poll Watchers
In addition to Arizona’s voter intimidation laws detailed above, the state places limits on who may serve as poll watchers and what they may do:footnote18_a9ajakWbTTrI18Note that watchers in Arizona are referred to as “challengers” in state statute, and “observers” in Department of State guidance.
- Observers must be appointed by the county chairman of each political party, and each political party represented on the ballot may only appoint one representative unless the number of representatives is otherwise mutually agreed upon by the parties.footnote19_kdp7PkM4weCA19Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590(A), (C).
- All observers must obtain credentials.footnote20_vmFhUyhwCS1s20Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 139.
- No observer may enter a voting booth except to mark their own ballot.footnote21_tAHKGaQoSgmZ21Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590(B).
- Observers at a central counting place are given identifying badges.footnote22_asGqOSJhI1Ng22Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 140.
- Observers may not wear, carry, or display any materials that express support for or opposition to any political entity.footnote23_hCrRRqCAruU423Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–515(F).
Election officials may remove from a polling place any watcher who interferes with the election process.footnote24_yUlagsAMsyXL24Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 139.
The Brennan Center and All Voting Is Local published a detailed resource on the rules and constraints on Arizona poll watchers here.
State and Local Law Enforcement
Inspectors or marshals may contact law enforcement to preserve order or remove disruptive persons from polling places; however, they must use sound judgment before doing so.footnote25_htdJhG2aomOk25Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182.
Guns at Polling Places
Private citizens are prohibited from bringing weapons into polling places or within 75 feet of a polling place, even if the voter is licensed to carry such weapons.footnote26_uJS1Wz2LUJQB26Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(A)(11).Military and on-duty peace officers acting in performance of their official duties are excepted.footnote27_imRPZ0ae03u927Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(C).Openly carrying a firearm outside the 75-foot limit may constitute intimidation. footnote28_kSQ8Nadj6UCk28Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182. Therefore, private citizen possession of a firearm in or around a polling place should be treated as intimidation.
Even at locations where firearms are not expressly prohibited, firearm carry may constitute unlawful intimidation. Such conduct may consist of carrying a visible firearm near a polling location or at a drop box or vote-counting site, displaying a concealed firearm during a discussion or argument with a voter or election worker, or approaching a voter or election worker while displaying a firearm.
Door-to-Door Intimidation
Arizona and federal law prohibit canvassing efforts that are used to intimidate voters.footnote29_upTnECClo4Tr2918 U.S.C. §§ 594, 241; Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1013.Moreover, in response to a 2021 proposal in Arizona to conduct a door-to-door canvass of voters to investigate voter eligibility, the Department of Justice sent a letter to the Arizona senate specifically warning that such a system may constitute unlawful voter intimidation under federal law. Any voter who receives a visit from a privately organized canvassing group does not have to answer any questions and should report any incidents of intimidation to their local officials.
End Notes
-
footnote1_saPlQnqNLTrM
1
See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 594; 52 U.S.C. § 10101(b); Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1013. -
footnote2_t4yvrMS9QJUr
2
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(6). -
footnote3_f6XDkDjP8daP
3
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(5). -
footnote4_agnOWvnWkwu5
4
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1017(A)(3). -
footnote5_smCs6iycTevj
5
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(A)(11), (C). -
footnote6_bNmubtFbC2ZA
6
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–591. -
footnote7_xm0GMGOtnLY3
7
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, December 30, 2023, 194, http://apps.azsos.gov/election/files/epm/2023/EPM_20231231_Final_Edits_to_Cal_1_11_2024.pdf. -
footnote8_jY0d0LzJeMtj
8
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182–83. -
footnote9_k7nxAxMcwG0V
9
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182–83. -
footnote10_k7lLG9GAhISP
10
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–121.01(B). -
footnote11_o5AUaN6pidHp
11
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 195. -
footnote12_k5v5fDTyzAaF
12
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–592. -
footnote13_qJFpNdJfmkir
13
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–592. -
footnote14_q5udNtx3JqTa
14
52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(1)(B). -
footnote15_h7nNgVT9lIIg
15
52 U.S.C. § 20507(c)(2)(A). -
footnote16_jfn84EDxbfHp
16
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1004(A). -
footnote17_lTgEPFqoZSz6
17
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–2402. -
footnote18_a9ajakWbTTrI
18
Note that watchers in Arizona are referred to as “challengers” in state statute, and “observers” in Department of State guidance. -
footnote19_kdp7PkM4weCA
19
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590(A), (C). -
footnote20_vmFhUyhwCS1s
20
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 139. -
footnote21_tAHKGaQoSgmZ
21
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–590(B). -
footnote22_asGqOSJhI1Ng
22
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 140. -
footnote23_hCrRRqCAruU4
23
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–515(F). -
footnote24_yUlagsAMsyXL
24
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 139. -
footnote25_htdJhG2aomOk
25
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182. -
footnote26_uJS1Wz2LUJQB
26
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(A)(11). -
footnote27_imRPZ0ae03u9
27
Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13–3102(C). -
footnote28_kSQ8Nadj6UCk
28
Arizona Department of State, State of Arizona 2023 Election Procedures Manual, 182. -
footnote29_upTnECClo4Tr
29
18 U.S.C. §§ 594, 241; Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 16–1013.